![]() ![]() Our results suggest that, based on the analyses of the whole community or the species with the highest number of recaptured individuals, the minimum distance of 50 m between pairs of baited pitfall traps proposed roughly 10 years ago is inadequate. ![]() Large-diurnal-tunneler species showed greater mobility than did both large-nocturnal tunneler and roller species. We found differences in mean movement rate between Scarabaeinae species, and between species with different sets of ecological traits. We investigated the mobility of dung beetles using mark-release-recapture technique, and tested the usefulness of the current recommendation for interaction distance between baited pitfall traps in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Understanding the dispersal process is of great interest in ecology because it is related to several mechanisms driving community structure. (8) A systematic survey of the damaging larval stage identified six species infesting cereal.A primary goal of community ecologists is to understand the processes underlying the spatiotemporal patterns of species distribution. For example, in Montana, a survey of adult beetles found 155 elaterid species, of which 21 have been recorded in the literature as crop pests. However, the first critical step, pest species identification, has not been thoroughly addressed for wireworm. (7) For wireworm management, producers need alternative approaches based on the principles of integrated pest management (IPM). These newer insecticides, however, do not provide adequate management, and producers are still in need of effective management tools. Inexpensive broad-spectrum insecticides applied to the soil or as seed treatments (6) managed wireworm effectively for many decades, but most of these insecticides are not available in the market in favor of newer and safer alternatives, such as neonicotinoid insecticides. (1-5) In general, little is known about elaterid biology and ecology with the exception of a few species that have economic importance to agriculture. Historically, wireworm have been common pests of a wide variety of field crops worldwide. Wireworm can feed on and damage crop seeds and developing seedlings as well as underground tubers and aboveground fruit in contact with the soil. Their multiyear larval stages and broad host ranges can make wireworm a perennial problem for crop production. Email: the larval stage of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are a serious soil-inhabiting pest of many different field crops grown in North America. Reviewers' reports totaled 2117 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor.įUNDING: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported in part by funds from the Montana Seed Potato Producers Association and USDA Crops at Risk Grant 2010-51100-21547.ĭECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.ĬORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Anuar Morales-Rodriguez, Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, 119 Plant Biosciences Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA. PEER REVIEW: Four peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. KEYWORDS: Aeolus mellillus, Limonius californicus, L. The 5098 wireworm collected from four sites included seven species: Aeolus mellillus, Agriotes sp, Dalopius sp, Hypnoidus bicolor, Limonius californicus, Limonius infuscatus, and S. Pitfall and stocking traps collected greater numbers of wireworm (16, respectively) followed by pot-type and canister-type traps (1173 and 725, respectively). In this study, the efficacy of pitfall, stocking, pot, and canister traps baited with wheat and barley mixtures was evaluated for monitoring wireworm populations in four commercial cereal fields in Montana. Selecting the appropriate sampling protocol to monitor wireworm for research or applied entomology depends on the objective, including simply detecting the presence or absence of wireworm, surveying the composition of wireworm assemblages, or estimating spatial and temporal population densities. ABSTRACT: The basic principles of a reliable integrated pest management program include pest identification, monitoring, and distribution. ![]()
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